Create one directory for each chapter in the textbook you should have 14 directories. As you work through the problem-solving exercises and complete other work using the computer, save your assignments for each chapter in the appropriate directory. On the label of each disk or USB flash drive, be sure to include your name, course, and section. Do some research to obtain estimates of the rate of growth of social networking sites like My Space and Face Book.
Use the plotting capabilities of your spreadsheet or graphics software to produce a bar chart of that growth over a number of years. Share your findings with the class. Aug 12 AM. Expert's Answer.
Previous Next. Related Questions. More questions. Ask a New Question Attach Files. Submit review. Since ALPRs typically collect information on everyone—not just hot-listed vehicles—officers can use a plate, a partial plate, or a physical address to search and analyze historical data.
For example, an officer may enter the location of a convenience store to identify vehicles seen nearby at the time of a robbery.
The officer can then look up those plate numbers to find other locations that plate has been captured. Training materials, policies and laws in some jurisdictions instruct officers that a hot-list alert on its own may not be enough to warrant a stop. Officers are instructed to visually confirm that a plate number is a match. Failure to manually confirm, combined with machine error, has caused wrongful stops. Law enforcement claims that ALPR data has been used to, for example, recover stolen cars or find abducted children.
However, police have also used ALPR data for mass enforcement of less serious offenses, such as searching for uninsured drivers or tracking down individuals with overdue court fees. The ACLU estimates that less than 0. Many law enforcement agencies store ALPR data for years, and share it with other law enforcement agencies and federal agencies. The length of time that ALPR data is retained varies from agency to agency, from as short as mere days to as long as several years, although some entities—including private companies—may retain the data indefinitely.
The companies then share the commercially-collected data not just with law enforcement but also with auto recovery aka "repo" companies, banks, credit reporting agencies, and insurance companies.
Data collected by private entities does not have retention limits and is not subject to sunshine laws, or any of the other safeguards that are sometimes found in the government sector.
ALPR is a powerful surveillance technology that can be used to invade the privacy of individuals as well as to violate the rights of entire communities. Law enforcement agencies have abused this technology. Police officers in New York drove down a street and electronically recorded the license plate numbers of everyone parked near a mosque.
Police in Birmingham targeted a Muslim community while misleading the public about the project. Moreover, many individual officers have abused law enforcement databases, including license plate information and records held by motor vehicle departments. In , a Washington, D. In addition to deliberate misuse, ALPRs sometimes misread plates, leading to dire consequences.
In , San Francisco police pulled over Denise Green, an African-American city worker, handcuffed her at gunpoint, forced her to her knees, and searched both her and her vehicle—all because her car was misidentified as stolen due to a license plate reader error.
Her experience led the U. Aggregate data stored for lengthy periods of time or indefinitely becomes more invasive and revealing, and it is susceptible to both misuse and data breach. Sensible retention limits, specific policies about who inside an agency is allowed to access data, and audit and control processes could help minimize these issues.
One of the better privacy protections would be for police to retain no information at all when a passing vehicle does not match a hot list. EFF has been investigating and combating the privacy threats of ALPR technology through public records requests, litigation, and legislative advocacy since The agencies claimed the records were exempt from the California Public Records Act because they were investigative records.
In , the California legislature passed S. The law also prohibits public agencies from selling, sharing, or transferring ALPR data except to other public agencies. EFF has coordinated volunteers to collect ALPR policies across the state of California and to expose agencies failing to comply with the law.
EFF has also independently filed public records requests with dozens of agencies to shine light on their use of ALPR data. EFF investigated more than ALPR cameras operated by law enforcement that were leaking data because of misconfiguration. These cameras were inadvertently publicly accessible through web browsers and Telnet interfaces. We have also contacted public safety agencies whose ALPR data was exposed online, often on websites accessible to anyone with a web browser, to responsibly disclose the security vulnerabilities we found.
Neal v. Fairfax County Police Department. Update: The hearing has been moved to January San Francisco—On Friday, Jan. Washington, D. The Electronic Frontier Alliance is made up of more than seventy groups of concerned community members, often including workers in the tech industry who see issues of the industry from the inside. The dystopian technology the patents describe are exploitative and dehumanizing.
And if the companies transformed their patents into real products, the technology would You can read more about the role of patents in this Join EFF Lists. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Podcast Episode Privacy info.
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