The layout could include straight length junctions, hammer heads, turning bays and intersecting curves. Straight road lengths are usually set out from centre lines that have been established by traditional means. For convenience of road users, the minimum width can be based on a vehicle width not exceeding 2. This will provide an overall dimension of 5. Road junctions Drivers of vehicles approaching a junction from any direction should have a clear view of other road users. Unobstructed visibility is required within vertical sight lines, triangular on plan.
No street furniture, trees or other obstructions are permitted within these zones, as indicated in Figure 3. Horizontal sight lines These should be provided and maintained thereafter with a clear view, to prevent the possibility of danger from vehicle drivers having obstructed outlook when 82 Road and paving Figure 3. Guidance for dimensions A and B are shown in Table 3. Paving construction Once the subgrade has been prepared and any drainage or other buried services installed the construction of the paving can be undertaken.
Flexible or bound surfaces are formed of materials applied in layers directly over the subgrade whereas rigid paving consists of a concrete slab resting on a granular base. Limit size of slab. Limit stresses due to subgrade restraint. Provide for expansion and contraction movements. The spacing of road joints is determined by: 1. Slab thickness. Whether slab is reinforced or unreinforced. Temperature at which concrete is laid.
Used in walkways to provide warning of hazards or to enable recognition of locations for people whose visibility is impaired. Requirements and Test Methods. The best method is to use the common trench approach; avoid as far as practicable laying services under the highway. This is to be provided by the employer at no cost to employees. Air-fed helmets special training required. Safety glasses, similar to ordinary glasses, may have side shields.
Shield, one-piece moulded lens worn over other glasses. Face guard, shield or visor to fully enclose the eyes from dust, etc. Earplugs and ear inserts canal caps.
Wellington boots, steel toe cap and studded soles available. Anti-static electricity insulated footwear. Knee pads, gaiters, leggings and spats. Overalls, coveralls and boiler suits. Aprons, chain mail or leather. Life jackets. Safety harnesses. Insulated and waterproof clothing. Armlets and wristcuffs. Small buildings of volumes less than 50m3 are generally exempt. Within six weeks of the notice being submitted, the local authority will specify their requirements for shoring, protection of adjacent buildings, debris disposal and general safety requirements under the HSE.
The local authority can issue a demolition enforcement order to a building owner, where a building is considered to be insecure, a danger to the general public and detrimental to amenities under the Public Health Act. There are concerns for the protection of the general public using a thoroughfare in or near to an area affected by demolition work. Temporary roadworks require protective fencing and site hoardings must be robust and secure.
All supplementary provisions, such as hoardings and skips, may also require adequate illumination. Provision must be made for immediate removal of poisonous and hazardous waste.
Demolition works Hazardous and potentially dangerous work that should only be undertaken by experienced contractors. Partial demolition Generally requiring temporary support to the remaining structure.
The execution of work is likely to be limited to manual handling with minimal use of powered equipment. The effect demolition will have on adjacent properties. Neighbourhood impact, i. The need for hoardings. Extent of basements and tunnels. Means for selective removal of hazardous materials. All risks indemnity should be considered to cover claims from site personnel and others accessing the site.
Additional third-party cover will be required for claims for loss or damage to other property, occupied areas, business, utilities, private and public roads. Salvage Salvaged materials and components can be valuable: bricks, tiles, slates, steel sections and timber are all marketable.
Asbestos Specialist asbestos removal contractors should be engaged to carry out a full asbestos survey of the building if it is suspected, due to the age of the building, that asbestos products may be present.
Samples should be taken for laboratory analysis. Following the survey the specialist contractor should be engaged to remove material before any other demolition commences. Demolition methods Generally, the reverse order of construction to gradually reduce the height. This method is required for salvaging materials and other reusable components.
The Construction Design and Management Regulations. Shoring This is a form of temporary support which can be given to existing buildings with the primary function of providing the necessary precautions to avoid damage to any person or property from the collapse of the supported structure.
A survey should be carried out to establish the location of any underground services so that they can be protected as necessary. The sizes shown in Figure 3. Any suitable structural material, such as steel, can be substituted for the timber members shown.
The methods, which can be employed together with other sources of information such as local knowledge, Ordnance Survey and geological maps, mining records and aerial photography, should be familiar to students at this level. This is carried out by means of a large poker vibrator, which has an effective compacting radius of 1.
On large sites the vibrator is inserted on a regular triangulated grid pattern with centres ranging from 1. Figure 4. Under this pressure, the soil granules compact to increase in density as the poker descends. At the appropriate depth, which may be determined by building load calculations or the practical limit of plant generally 30m max.
Spacing of compaction boreholes is relatively close to ensure continuity and an integral ground condition. Where water is present in the subsoil, trenches should be excavated to allow the water to escape and not collect in the craters formed by the dropped weight.
The drop pattern, size of weight and height of drop are selected to suit each individual site but generally three or four drops are made in each position, forming a crater up to 2. The water used by the probe and any combined earth is forced up to the surface in the form of a sludge.
The spacing, depth and layout of the boreholes is subject to specialist design. Most will assume a natural angle of repose or rest unless given temporary support. Time factors are relevant, such as period during which excavation will remain open and the time of year when work is carried out. The need for an assessment of risk with regard to the support of excavations and protection of people within is a legal responsibility under the Health and Safety at Work Act and the Construction Design and Management Regulations Trench support methods A suitable barrier or fence must be provided to the sides of all excavations.
If water is present or enters an excavation, a pit or sump should be excavated below the formation level to act as a collection point from which the water can be pumped away. Three common formats of steel sheet piles with interlocking joints are available with a range of section sizes and strengths up to a maximum length of 30m. Installing steel sheet piles To ensure that the sheet piles are pitched and installed vertically a driving trestle or guide frame is used.
These are usually purpose-built to accommodate a panel of 10 to 12 pairs of piles. The piles are lifted into position by a crane and driven by means of a percussion piling hammer or, alternatively, they can be pushed into the ground by hydraulic rams acting against the weight of the power pack, which is positioned over the heads of the pitched piles.
There are four basic types of caisson: see Table 4. Table 4. Box caissons 2. Open caissons 3. Monolithic caissons 4. This can take one of two forms, which are usually referred to as temporary and permanent exclusion. Wellpoint systems This is a method of lowering the water table to a position below the formation level to give a dry working area.
The basic principle is to jet into the subsoil a series of wellpoints, which are connected to a common header pipe, which is then connected to a vacuum pump.
Wellpoint systems are suitable for most subsoils and can encircle an excavation or be laid progressively alongside, as in the case of a trench excavation. Land remediation Land previously used for industrial buildings could be contaminated with hazardous waste or pollutants, therefore it is essential that a geo-technical survey is undertaken to determine whether contaminants are in the soil and ground water.
Of particular concern are acids, salts, heavy metals, cyanides and coal tars, in addition to organic materials that decompose to form the highly explosive gas methane. Larger buildings will justify soil consolidation and compaction processes to improve the bearing capacity. Legislation The Environment Protection Act of attempted to enforce responsibility on local authorities to compile a register of all potentially contaminated land.
This proved unrealistic and too costly. Soil removal The traditional low-technology method for dealing with contaminated sites has been to excavate the soil and remove it to places licensed for depositing. Added to this is the reluctance of ground operators to handle large volumes of this type of waste.
Also, where excavations exceed depths of about 5m, it becomes less practical and too expensive. Encapsulation This process is the in-situ enclosure of the contaminated soil. An impermeable horizontal capping is also required to link with the trenches. A system of monitoring the soil condition is essential as the barrier may decay in time. Suitable for all types of contaminant. Soil washing This involves extraction of the soil, sifting to remove large objects and placing it in a scrubbing unit resembling a huge concrete mixer.
This eliminates fuels, metals and chemicals. Vapour extraction This is used to remove fuels or industrial solvents and other organic deposits. Attached to these are vacuum pipes to draw air through the contaminated soil. This is a slow process and it may take several months to cleanse a site. Electrolysis This process uses low voltage d. The plants are subsequently harvested and destroyed. A variant uses fungal degradation of the contaminants.
Bioremediation Stimulating the growth of naturally occurring microbes. Conditions must be right, i. Untreated soil can be excavated and placed over perforated piping, through which air is pumped to enhance the process prior to the soil being replaced.
Chemicals and fuel deposits convert to water and carbon dioxide. Variations include electric currents and radio waves to heat water in the ground to become steam. This evaporates chemicals. Section 1: Clearance or treatment of unsuitable material. Section 2: Resistance to contaminants. Most small height retaining walls are built entirely of brickwork or a combination of brick facing and blockwork or mass concrete backing.
Alternatively, subsoil drainage behind the wall could be employed. Calculations are based on a 1m unit length of wall. Small height retaining walls These retaining walls must be stable and the usual rule of thumb for small height brick retaining walls is for the height to lie between two and four times the wall thickness. Stability can be checked by applying the middle third rule. Forward sliding of the wall does not occur.
Materials used are suitable and not overstressed. In clay subsoils, slip circle failure does not occur. Height of water table — the presence of water can create hydrostatic pressure on the rear face of the wall, it can also affect the bearing capacity of the subsoil together with its shear strength, reduce the frictional resistance between the underside of the foundation and the subsoil and reduce the passive pressure in front of the toe of the wall.
Type of wall. Material s to be used in the construction of the wall. Mass retaining walls These walls rely mainly on their own mass to overcome the tendency to slide forward.
Mass retaining walls are not generally considered to be economic over a height of 1. Any mass retaining wall can be faced with another material but generally any applied facing will not increase the strength of the wall and is therefore only used for aesthetic reasons. Cantilever retaining walls These are constructed of reinforced concrete with an economic height range of 1. Several formats are possible and in most cases a beam is placed below the base to increase the total passive resistance to sliding.
Crib retaining walls These are a system of precast concrete or treated timber components comprising headers and stretchers, which interlock to form a three-dimensional framework. The sixth edition has been updated and expanded to take into account many aspects of the new and revised Building Regulations and associated Approved Documents as applied to working practice; in particular, construction requirements for conserving and economising energy and reducing atmospheric pollution as this relates to Building Regulations Part L — Conservation of fuel and power.
It is full of detailed drawings that clearly illustrate the construction of building elements. Extensive coverage of building construction practice and techniques, representing both traditional procedures and modern developments, are also included to provide the most comprehensive and easy to understand guide to building construction.
The new edition has been reviewed and updated to include further material on energy conservation, sustainable construction, environmental and green building issues. More details of fire protection to elements of construction are now provided. Comprehensive coverage of techniques, but not in too great a depth Many clear, effective diagrams express ideas visually. Regularly updated text with a strong track record. Dev and Simran by eunice de souza publications pdf inherent vice Thomas Pynchon download meditation book pdf download ebooks free download Stairway to Heaven: Chinese Alchemists Jewish Kabbalists and the Art of Spiritual Transformation Peter Levenda who is man heschel pdf inherent vice e book.
This book provides an overview of a broad range of IT applications currently available for all stages throughout the life cycle of a building project, from essential office and information management through to computer-aided design CAD , cost estimating, project planning and scheduling, and facilities management and building maintenance. It is an invaluable and handy reference for construction professionals and clients, as well as being a clear and comprehensive text for students studying construction, building or architectural courses.
Book Summary: Introduction to Building provides a comprehensive introduction to various aspects of development and associated building procedures, from initial planning and design through procurement of building work, contractual arrangements and construction techniques. Now in its Fifth Edition, this popular text continues to present an authoritative overview of the many design and practical considerations associated with the creation and maintenance of modern buildings, including repair of existing buildings and traditional construction procedures.
Topics covered include the functional requirements of a building: appearance, durability, dimensional suitability, strength and stability, weather exclusion, sound control, thermal comfort, fire protection, lighting and ventilating, sanitation and drainage, security, cost, sustainability, building processes, the building team, communication and construction methods.
Book Summary: Construction Mathematics is an introductory level mathematics text, written specifically for students of construction and related disciplines. Learn by tackling exercises based on real-life construction maths. Examples include: costing calculations, labour costs, cost of materials and setting out of building components.
Suitable for beginners and easy to follow throughout. Learn the essential basic theory along with the practical necessities. The second edition of this popular textbook is fully updated to match new curricula, and expanded to include even more learning exercises. End of chapter exercises cover a range of theoretical as well as practical problems commonly found in construction practice, and three detailed assignments based on practical tasks give students the opportunity to apply all the knowledge they have gained.
This is also the ideal primer for any reader who wishes to refresh their mathematics knowledge before going into a construction HNC or BSc. Book Summary: In the past decade construction and engineering have changed dramatically, with an explosion of innovative new approaches to construction and new methodologies. It presents a history of studies in innovation in construction and engineering, and then presents the most recent models of innovation brokering and risk-management, based on complex project-based industries.
Innovation is defined and competing theories are discussed in the light of operational issues. The book covers all aspects, including the importance of construction and engineering 'cultures' in the trades for successful project innovation. It also discusses the role of government and policy makers, the implications of rapid change for the building trades and skilled labour, and the difficulty of measuring innovation quantitatively.
Book Summary: An authoritative, well-established, comprehensive, practical, and highly illustrated guide to construction practice Based mainly on domestic and residential buildings—and filled with extensive illustrations throughout—this concise text is the ideal introduction to the subject of building construction. It provides the basic material that readers need in order to understand the construction process for the majority of low rise buildings.
The book explains construction technology through the key functional and performance requirements for the main elements common to all buildings. It then offers comprehensive chapter coverage of site analysis, set-up, drainage and scaffolding; ground stability and foundations; floors, walls, doors, windows, roofs, stairs, and ramps; surface finishes; internal environment and energy supply; and water supply and sanitation.
Skip to content. This new edition has been updated to reflect recent changes to the building regulations, as well as new material on modern methods of construction, greater emphasis on sustainability and a new look interior.
This new edition has been updated to reflect recent changes to the building regulations, as well as new material on the latest technologies used in domestic construction. This approach, combined with the presentation of information in a highly illustrated and unique visual style, has proven this text to be a vital learning resource for thousands of building construction students, and an essential reference The 12th edition of Chudley and Greeno's Building Construction Handbook remains THE authoritative reference for all construction students and professionals.
The principles and processes of construction are explained with the concepts of Please contact the Elsevier Books Customer Services team to obtain a list of the countries eligible. In all other countries the regular edition is available with the ISBN The Building Services Handbook summarises concisely, in diagrams and brief explanations, all elements of building services.
Chudley and R. This approach, combined with the presentation of information in a highly illustrated and unique visual style, has proven this text to be a vital purchase for thousands of building construction students and professionals alike.
The principles and processes of construction are explained with the concepts of design included where appropriate.
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