Evaluation during program implementation could be used to inform mid-course corrections to program implementation formative evaluation or to shed light on implementation processes process evaluation. For community-engaged initiatives, formative and process evaluation can include evaluation of the process by which partnerships are created and maintained and ultimately succeed in functioning.
Following completion of the program, evaluation may examine its immediate outcomes or long-term impact or summarize its overall performance, including, for example, its efficiency and sustainability. For example, control of blood glucose was an appropriate program outcome when the efficacy of empowerment-based education of diabetes patients was evaluated Anderson et al.
In contrast, the number of people who received the empowerment education or any program service would not be considered a program outcome unless participation in and of itself represented a change in behavior or attitude e. Similarly, the number of elderly housebound people receiving meals would not be considered a program outcome, but the nutritional benefits of the meals actually consumed for the health of the elderly, as well as improvements in their perceived quality of life, would be appropriate program outcomes Rossi et al.
Program evaluation also can determine the extent to which a change in an outcome can be attributed to the program. If a partnership is being evaluated, the contributions of that partnership to program outcomes may also be part of the evaluation. The CBPR model presented in Chapter 1 is an example of a model that could be used in evaluating both the process and outcomes of partnership.
Once the positive outcome of a program is confirmed, subsequent program evaluation may examine the long-term impact the program hopes to have. For example, the outcome of a program designed to increase the skills and retention of health care workers in a medically underserved area would not be represented by the number of providers who participated in the training program, but it could be represented by the proportion of health care workers who stay for one year.
Reduction in maternal mortality might constitute the long-term impact that such a program would hope to effect Mullan, To ensure that the dissemination and reporting of results to all appropriate audiences is accomplished in a comprehensive and systematic manner, one needs to develop a dissemination plan during the planning stage of the evaluation.
This plan should include guidelines on who will present results, which audiences will receive the results, and who will be included as a coauthor on manuscripts and presentations. Dissemination of the results of the evaluation requires adequate resources, such as people, time, and money. Finding time to write papers and make presentations may be difficult for community members who have other commitments Parker et al.
In addition, academics may not be rewarded for nonscientific presentations and may thus be hesitant to spend time on such activities. Additional resources may be needed for the translation of materials to ensure that they are culturally appropriate. Although the content and format of reporting may vary depending on the audience, the emphasis should be on full disclosure and a balanced assessment so that results can be used to strengthen the program.
Dissemination of results may also be used for building capacity among stakeholders. Principles of Community Engagement - Second Edition. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Planning The relevant questions during evaluation planning and implementation involve determining the feasibility of the evaluation, identifying stakeholders, and specifying short- and long-term goals.
Top of Page Completion — Summative, Outcome, and Impact Evaluation Following completion of the program, evaluation may examine its immediate outcomes or long-term impact or summarize its overall performance, including, for example, its efficiency and sustainability. Top of Page Dissemination and Reporting To ensure that the dissemination and reporting of results to all appropriate audiences is accomplished in a comprehensive and systematic manner, one needs to develop a dissemination plan during the planning stage of the evaluation.
Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. At this point in the business life cycle , a growing business may have both a solid customer base and market share presence. Another significant observation that is frequently made during the growth phase is a marked decrease in employee turnover rates. Although it is much too easy for business owners to get swept away in the excitement of business growth it is essential to keep objectives prioritized.
As such, the growth stage is an excellent opportunity to perform the following activities- Cash flow analysis Business model or business plan adjustments Sales and demand forecasts Exploration of business growth opportunities.
During the maturity stage of the business life cycle, it is not uncommon for business owners to feel very confident. In the maturity stage, both the customer base and market share presence are typically exemplary. Control over the customer base and a solid market share presence makes it highly unlikely that a new business will immediately threaten the success of a mature business.
Beyond a decrease in risk from the competition, the maturity stage is commonly accompanied by a steady cash flow and rising employee retention rates. However, there are still risks that companies face during the maturity stage. Stagnation and a lack of continual growth are widely considered as the greatest threat to businesses in the maturity stage. Instead of being stagnant, the maturity stage is a great opportunity for business growth and expansion. Exploring new markets or developing new products for an existing customer base should both be considered during this stage of the business life cycle.
Alternatively, some business owners choose to merge or sell during the maturity stage. Other business owners may choose to use extra cash flow to invest in a new business venture. Note-: During the maturity stage some business owners may choose to sell, merge, or purchase another company.
The final stage of the business lifecycle is either decline or renewal. Business decline is inevitable for most companies and can occur for a wide range of reasons including drops in the customer base to cash flow issues. A steadily diminishing revenue sustained over several years of operation is one sign that a business is in decline. At this point, the main two options that a business owner chooses between is either to reinvest or sell. Reinvestment in a declining business is executed with the objective that a company will bounce back.
Reinvestment may necessitate various proactive activities, ranging from an exploration of new markets to business model adjustments.
Whether a small business or a large corporation, there are 4 main stages of business development. The 4 stages include the startup, growth, maturity, and renewal or decline stage. Employee Schedule. Employee Time Clock. Business Intelligence. Cash Management. Sales Forecast. Human Resources Management. Demand Forecasting. Business Communication. Food Supply Chain.
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